Ark of the Covenant
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According to the Pentateuch, the Ark was built at the command of God, in accord with Moses' prophetic vision on Mount Sinai (Exodus 25:10-16). God was said to have communicated with Moses "from between the two cherubim" on the Ark's cover (Exodus 25:22). The Ark and its sanctuary were considered "the beauty of Israel" (Lamentations 2:1). Rashi and some Midrashim suggest that there were two arks - a temporary one made by Moses himself, and a later one constructed by Bezalel.[1]
Biblical account relates that during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was carried by the priests some 2,000 cubits, or 1,000 m; 3,400 ft (Numbers 35:5; Joshua 4:5) in advance of the people and their army, or host (Num. 4:5-6; 10:33-36; Psalms 68:1; 132:8). When the Ark was borne by priests into the bed of the Jordan, water in the river separated, opening a pathway for the entire host to pass through (Josh. 3:15-16; 4:7-18). The city of Jericho was taken with no more than a shout after the Ark of Covenant was paraded for seven days around its wall by seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns (Josh. 6:4-20). When carried, the Ark was always wrapped in a veil, in tachash skins (the identity of this animal is uncertain), and a blue cloth, and was carefully concealed, even from the eyes of the Cohanim who carried it.
Terminology
The Hebrew word aron as used in the Bible refers to any type of ark, chest or coffer (Book of Genesis 50:26; 2 Kings 12:9, 10).Construction and description according to the Bible
Carrying the Ark of the Covenant: gilded bas-relief at the Auch Cathedral
Detailed instructions[2] are given by God for the plan of the Ark: it is to be 2½ cubits in length, 1½ in breadth, and 1½ in height (as 21⁄2×11⁄2×11⁄2 royal cubits or 1.31×0.79×0.79 m). Then it is to be plated entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it. Four rings of gold are to be put into its four feet—two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim-wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to be removed. A golden cover, adorned with golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. The Ark is finally to be placed behind a veil (Parochet), a full description of which is also given.
Symbolism of the Ark
The cherubim on the top of the ark are considered to be "winged divine beings." It is possible that these beings were constructed to look like winged humans, but it is also said that they could be a conglomeration of various creatures. The cherubim are representatives of chaos due to their unnatural appearance. They made up what was known as the "mercy seat." As is mentioned 2 Samuel 6:2, it is believed that this was the throne of God and the ark itself, as described in 1 Chronicles 28:2, was God footstool. Thus, by sitting on the throne, Yahweh is considered to be the master of chaos with a strong footing on the law.[3]References to the Ark in Scripture
The Ark of the Covenant is mentioned in both the Bible and the Qur'an.In the Bible
In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah (Jer. 3:16), prophesied a future time when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again.
In II Maccabees, chapter 2, "one finds in the records" that Jeremiah, having received an oracle of the Lord, ordered that the tent and the ark and the altar of incense should follow him to the mountain of God where he sealed them up in a cave, and he told those who had followed in order to mark the way, but could not find it, "The place shall be unknown until God gathers his people together again and shows his mercy, and then the Lord will disclose these things, and the glory of the Lord and the cloud will appear, as they were shown in the case of Moses, and as Solomon asked that the place should be specially consecrated."
In the New Testament, the Ark is mentioned in the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John.
Hebrews 9:4 states that the Ark contained "the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant."
Revelation 11:19 says the prophet saw God's temple in heaven opened, "and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple."
In the Quran
In chapter 2 (Verse 248), the Children of Israel, at the time of Samuel and Saul, were given back the 'Tabut E Sakina' (the casket of Shekhinah) which contained remnants of the household of Musa and Harun (Moses and Aaron) carried by angels which confirmed peace and reassurance for them from their Lord. It is mentioned in the middle of the narrative of the choice of Saul to be king. The Qur'an states:The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the Sakina could be Tawrat, Books of Moses.[4] According to Al-Jalalan, the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitres of Moses and the vase of Manna.[4] Al-Tha'alibi, in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.And (further) their Prophet said to them: "A Sign of his authority is that there shall come to you the Ark of the covenant, with (an assurance) therein of security (Sakina) from your Lord, and the relics left by the family of Moses and the family of Aaron, carried by angels. In this is a symbol for you if ye indeed have faith. (Qur'an 2:248)
According to most Muslim scholars, the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance. Shia sect of Muslims believe that it will be found by Mahdi near the end of times from Lake Tiberias.[5]
Biblical account
Mobile vanguard
The Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels, as in Exodus 40:17-19
When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the River Jordan, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people, and was the signal for their advance (Joshua 3:3, 6). During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters; and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river, after the people had passed over (Josh. 3:15-17; 4:10, 11, 18). As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood (Josh. 4:1-9).
In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns (Josh. 6:4-15). On the seventh day the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city (Josh. 6:16-20). After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark (Josh. 7:6-9). When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. The Ark was again set up by Joshua at Shiloh; but when the Israelites fought against Benjamin at Gibeah, they had the Ark with them, and consulted it after their defeat.
Capture by the Philistines
The Ark is next spoken of as being in the Tabernacle at Shiloh during Samuel's apprenticeship (1 Sam. 3:3). After the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan, the Ark remained in the Tabernacle at Gilgal for a season before being removed to Shiloh until the time of Eli, between 300 and 400 years (Jeremiah 7:12), when it was carried into the field of battle, so as to secure, as they had hoped, victory to the Hebrews. The Ark was taken by the Philistines (1 Sam. 4:3-11) who subsequently sent it back after retaining it for seven months (1 Sam. 5:7, 8) because of the events said to have transpired.After their first defeat at Eben-ezer, the Israelites had the Ark brought from Shiloh, and welcomed its coming with great rejoicing.
In the second battle, the Israelites were again defeated, and the Philistines captured the Ark (1 Sam. 4:3-5, 10, 11). The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head." The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod—explained as "Where is glory?" in reference to the loss of the Ark (1 Sam. 4:12-22).
The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them (1 Sam. 5:1-6). At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of rats was sent over the land (1 Sam. 6:5). The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed (1 Sam. 5:8-12).
After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and rats wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings (1 Sam. 6:1-15). Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand seventy in some ms.) were smote by the Lord (1 Sam. 6:19). The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed (1 Sam. 6:21); and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consult the Ark in the days of Saul.
In the days of King David
At the beginning of his reign, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid great rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart whereon the Ark was carried, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was smitten by God for touching it. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and there it stayed three months (2 Samuel 6:1-11; 1 Chronicles 13:1-13).
Illustration from the Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6).
The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark (1 Chron. 16:4). David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God (2 Sam. 7:1-17; 1 Chron. 17:1-15; 28:2, 3). The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah (2 Sam. 11:11); and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem (2 Sam. 15:24-29).
In Solomon's temple
The Ark carried into the Temple
During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark (1 Kings 6:19); and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein (1 Kings 8:6-9). When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord" (1 Kings 8:10-11; 2 Chron. 5:13, 14).
When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark (2 Chron. 8:11). King Josiah had the Ark put in the Temple (2 Chron. 35:3), whence it appears to have again been removed by one of his successors.
The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath
In 586 BC, the Babylonians besieged Jerusalem and, once captured, plundered and destroyed Solomon's Temple. Some historians[who?][6][unreliable source?] suggest that the Ark was probably taken away by Nebuchadnezzar or perhaps destroyed in battle. Consequently, the rebuilt Second Temple did not house the Ark in its Holy of Holies room.[7]According to the Book of Revelation, the Ark is in the Temple of God in Heaven in vision: "Then God's temple in heaven was opened, and within his temple was seen the Ark of his Covenant" (Rev. 11:19 NIV).[8]
Rumoured present locations
Since its disappearance, the Ark entered the domain of legend, and some have claimed to have discovered or have possession of the Ark. Several possible places have been suggested for its location. However, the Second Book of the Maccabees and the Book of Revelation state that the ark is no longer on Earth.Mount Nebo
2 Maccabees 2:4-10, contains a reference to a document saying that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo (Jordan) (Deut. 34:1), informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."The Temple Mount of Jerusalem
According to the Hebrew Traditions, King Solomon, when building the Temple, had the Ark of the Covenant put on a platform which could be lowered down into a tunnel system if the Temple were ever over-run.[10] This came about when King Nebuchadnezzar's troops destroyed the Temple and carried off its treasures, but no mention of the Ark of the Covenant was made, possibly because it had been lowered into the cave system below and secretly carried away by Levite priests.[10][11]
Ethiopian Orthodox Church
The Kebra Nagast, composed to legitimise the new dynasty ruling Ethiopia following its establishment in 1270, narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, this belief predates this document. Abu Salih the Armenian, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, then after a description of the object describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year: "on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross."[14]
On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abuna Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[15] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[16]
Southern Africa
The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[17][18][19]On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary broadcast,[20] Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.
In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. One Lemba clan, the Buba, which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa, have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant.[21]
Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare.[19]
Parfitt had this artifact radio-carbon dated to about 1350 AD, which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.[22]
Jewish sources in the Talmud, as well as the Jewish exegete Rashi (Rashi's commentary of Deuteronomy), suggest that there were two Arks: one was the original simple wooden Ark of Moses described in the Book of Deuteronomy, the other was the later golden Ark made by Bezalel as described in the Book of Exodus. Rabbinic opinion maintains that the first of these Arks was the Ark of War and the second was a ceremonial object which stayed in the Temple. Parfitt suggests that the Ark he found was the descendant of the Ark of War and that a wooden chest being used as a weapon was replicated at least once, and possibly many times. Parfitt offers the suggestion that the wooden ark may always have been a drum as well as a weapon of some sort, like the ngoma. It was often found in musical processions, David danced in front of it and it was covered over with a piece of leather. Parfitt, however, offers no explanation of the original principal contents of the Ark, the stone tablets.
Other Middle Eastern Sites
Michael Sanders claims to have found the location of the Ark of the Covenant's 'stones' in Djaharya near an ancient temple created by Ramses III (now an old tower in ruins).[23]Europe
Languedoc, France
Several legends hold that the Ark was carried home to Languedoc by Knights Templar returning from the Crusades.[24]United Kingdom
In 2003, historical author Graham Phillips traced the route of the Ark through research using Biblical texts as being taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees, along with other religious treasures. Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s, when Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars who apparently found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, UK, taking the treasure with him.[25]Ireland
During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant – the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[26]Asia
Shikoku, Japan
Local claims exist that the ark is hidden within limestone caves under Mt. Tsurugi. That mountain is the highest one in Shikoku and the second highest in western Japan, at 1,955 meters (6,413 ft), and has a sacred status in the Shugendō faith (which incorporates elements of Shintoism and Buddhism). The Japanese government bans excavations on the mountain for environmental reasons.[27]North America
Sanpete County, Utah
Local legends in Sanpete County, Utah speak of buried treasures within the earth. One particular belief is that the Ark of the Covenant is presently situated within the Sanpete Valley, and is protected by the Three Nephites. In Following the Ark of the Covenant, Ross Kerry Boren presents his thesis that the Ark was brought to the Americas by Pre-Columbian Jewish immigrants described in the Book of Mormon, and that it was subsequently buried in a hill in the present day area of the Sanpete Valley.[28]In popular culture
In film
- The Ark of the Covenant appears in the 1951 film David and Bathsheba.
- The Ark of the Covenant appears at the very end of Cecil B. DeMille's 1956 film The Ten Commandments.
- The Ark of the Covenant appears in the 1959 film Solomon and Sheba.
- The Ark of the Covenant is the main focus of Steven Spielberg's 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark.
- A drawing of the Ark appears in a tomb in Venice in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
- The Ark is shown again in the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, appearing out of a shattered crate damaged in a secret United States Army warehouse.
- The Ark of the Covenant appears in the 2010 Dreamworks film Megamind.
In video games
- The 2007 game Assassin's Creed opens with a group of Assassins on a mission to find the Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem.
See also
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Further reading
- Carew, Mairead, Tara and the Ark of the Covenant: A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara, 1899-1902. Royal Irish Academy, 2003. ISBN 0954385527
- Cline, Eric H. (2007), From Eden to Exile: Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible, National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-1426200847
- Fisher, Milton C., The Ark of the Covenant: Alive and Well in Ethiopia?. Bible and Spade 8/3, pp. 65–72, 1995.
- Grierson, Roderick & Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Ark of the Covenant. Orion Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 0-7538-1010-7
- Hancock, Graham, The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. Touchstone Books, 1993. ISBN 0-671-86541-2
- Hertz, J.H., The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. Oxford University Press, 1936.
- Hubbard, David (1956) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph.D. dissertation., St. Andrews University, Scotland
- Ritmeyer, L., The Ark of the Covenant: Where it Stood in Solomon's Temple. Biblical Archaeology Review 22/1: 46-55, 70-73, 1996.
- Isaacs, Roger D., Talking With God: The Radioactive Ark Of The Testimony, Communication Through It, Protection From It, Sacred Closet Books, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4125-4997-4
References
- ^ Hertz 1936
- ^ "Exodus 25 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". Mechon-mamre.org. http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0225.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Coogan, Michael D., A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, pgs. 112-114
- ^ a b Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1995-12-01). A Dictionary of Islam By Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes, pg 624. Books.google.com. ISBN 9788120606722. http://books.google.com/?id=JherW50tVyAC&pg=PA624&dq=ark+of+the+covenant+islam. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Iqd al-Durar fi Akbar al-Imam al-Muntadhar, by Shaikh Jamaluddin Yusuf al Damishqi, p. 51-a
- ^ "IBSS - Biblical Archaeology - Where is the Ark of the Covenant". Bibleandscience.com. http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/ark.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Where is the Ark of the Covenant? - Article by Thomas S. McCall, Th.D.
- ^ The Ark of the Covenant in Prophecy By Dr. Randall Price
- ^ "Jerusalem Tunnel Linked to Bible". News.nationalgeographic.com. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/09/0911_030911_SiloamTunnel.html. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ a b Rambam. Yad Hachazahah.
- ^ Masechet Yoma of the Talmud, 52b
- ^ Smithsonian magazine investigates the Ark; Smithsonian Magazine | People & Places | Keepers of the Lost Ark?
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, 2005, The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant, Tauris (reviewed in Times Literary Supplement 19 August 2005 p 36)
- ^ B.T.A. Evetts (translator), The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries attributed to Abu Salih, the Armenian, with added notes by Alfred J. Butler (Oxford, 1895), pp. 287f
- ^ Fendel, Hillel (2009-06-25). Holy Ark Announcement Due on Friday. Aruta Sheva (Israel International News). Retrieved on 2009-06-25 from http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/132067.
- ^ IGN (2009-06-19). Ho visto l'Arca dell'Alleanza ed è in buone condizioni. Retrieved on 2009-06-26 from http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/News/Cronaca/?id=3.0.3445266776.
- ^ The real Indiana Jones: Intrepid British don Tudor Parfitt's mission to find the Lord Ark By ZOE BRENNAN , Daily Mail, 22nd February 2008 [1]
- ^ THE LOST ARK OF THE COVENANT by Tudor Parfitt, published by HarperCollins 2008.
- ^ a b A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant, By David Van Biema Thursday, Time.com, Feb. 21, 2008.
- ^ "Debates & Controversies - Quest for the Lost Ark". Channel4.com. 2008-04-14. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080513034056/http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/C/can_you_believe_it/debates/lostark.html. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- '^ Schindler, Sol "The genetics of Jewish ancestry" which is a review of Abraham's Children: Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine The Washington Times [2]
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ Cline, Eric H. (2007-09-30). "Cline, Eric H., "Raiders of the Faux Ark," ''The Boston Globe'', September 30, 2007". Boston.com. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/09/30/raiders_of_the_faux_ark/. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Opening the Ark of the Covenant: The Secret Power of the Ancients, by Frank Joseph, 2007, p. 226
- ^ Phillips, Graham (April 2005). The Templars and the Ark of the Covenant: The Discovery of the Treasure of Solomon. Bear & Company. ISBN 1591430399. http://www.grahamphillips.net/Ark/Ark_Intro.htm.
- ^ Ivan McAvinchey. "News 2006 (March 9)". Rsai.ie. http://www.rsai.ie/index.cfm?action=obj.display&obj_id=153. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ "Is the legendary Lost Ark buried in Japan?". pinktentacle.com. 21 April 2010. http://pinktentacle.com/2010/04/is-the-legendary-lost-ark-buried-in-japan/. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ Boren, Kerry Ross., and Lisa Lee. Boren. Following the Ark of the Covenant: the Treasure of God : Solving the Mystery of Sanpete Valley, Utah. [S.l.]: Bonneville, 2000. Print.
External links
 | Wikibooks has more on the topic of |
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- Classic Texts
- "Shemot - Chapter 25". Tanach - Torah, Judaica Press.
- Contemporary Scholarship Articles
- ""The Gold of The Ark" by Josiah Derby, M.A, Rabbi". Jewish Bible Quarterly Journal
- ""The Weight of The Ark of The Covenant" by Elihu Schatz, Ph.D, Rabbi". Jewish Bible Quarterly Journal
- Descriptions
- "Ark of the Covenant". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I.
- Pendleton, Philip Y., "A Brief Sketch of the Jewish Tabernacle". 1901. (International Sunday-school Lessons for 1902. Standard Eclectic Commentary comprising original and selected notes, explanatory, illustrative, practical. Embellished with maps, diagrams, chronological charts, tables, etc.)
- Barrow, Martyn, "The Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:10-22)". 1995.
- Kaulins, Andis, "Ark of the Covenant".
- Shyovitz, David, "The Lost Ark of the Covenant". Jewish Virtual Library.
- Location
- Israel National News "Kabbalist Blesses Jones: Now's the Time to Find Holy Lost Ark". Iyar 5765, May, 2005.
- Smithsonian magazine investigates the Ark
- General
- "The Ark of the Covenant". Old Testament - Exodus, The Brick Testament.
- Original article text
- Initial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897 listing of the Ark
- Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 listing Ark of the Covenant
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